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An engrossing and eloquent study of the history and ethics of animal experimentation
The heart of a pig may soon beat in a human chest. Sheep, cattle, and mice have been cloned. Slowly but inexorably scientists are learning how to transfer tissues, organs, and DNA between species. Some think this research is moving too far, too fast, without adequate discussion of possible consequences: Is it ethical to breed animals for spare parts? When does the cost in animal life and suffering outweigh the potential benefit to humans?
In precise and elegant prose, The Scalpel and the Butterfly explores the ongoing struggle between the promise offered by new research and the anxiety about safety and ethical implications in the context of the conflict between experimental medicine and animal protection that dates back to the mid-nineteenth century. Deborah Rudacille offers a compelling and cogent look at the history of this divisive topic, from the days of Louis Pasteur and the founding of organized antivivisection in England to the Nazi embrace of eugenics, from animal rights to the continuing war between PETA and biomedical researchers, and the latest developments in replacing, reducing, and refining animal use for research and testing.
- Sales Rank: #2471070 in Books
- Published on: 2000-09-26
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 1.24" h x 6.28" w x 9.24" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 320 pages
Amazon.com Review
Biological experimentation, writes science journalist Deborah Rudacille, has long been the province of a scientific elite that has not much cared to explain its work to the larger public. That public, she continues, has responded with a kind of don't-ask, don't-tell policy "whereby society will permit animal experimentation--and certain types of research on human subjects--as long as it is protected from the details." With the rise of the Animal Liberation Movement and PETA, however, that unstated policy has increasingly come into question, and research scientists have found it ever more difficult to employ animals (or humans, for that matter) in their work.
In her engaged and illuminating study of these clashing sensibilities, Rudacille ponders troubling questions. Does an elevation in the moral status of animals, she asks, necessarily mean degradation in the moral status of human beings? (Certainly, she responds, this appears to have been the case under Nazi Germany.) Is the killing of laboratory animals--nearly 10,000 in the case of the Salk vaccine against polio--justifiable in the face of the human lives that can be saved? Is it ethical to use the mentally ill as research subjects in studies that may yield cures for their illness? Philosophical landmines surround every attempt at an answer, and Rudacille takes pains to consider all sides of these and kindred issues. Her thoughtful work should provoke reflection and discussion. --Gregory McNamee
From Publishers Weekly
In this cautious, useful survey, Rudacille, a former writer and editor at the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, seeks a middle ground between biomedical researchers who defend animal experimentation as a necessary trade-off for potential benefits to humankind, and animal rights activists who would abolish such research. She begins with a lively account of the 19th-century antivivisection movements in Britain and the U.S., in which women figured prominently, then takes a side trip through Nazi Germany, where a ban on vivisection (perversely considered an aspect of mechanistic "Jewish" science) went hand in hand with appalling medical abuses, including eugenic sterilization, euthanasia and experimentation on human subjects. She provides in-depth profiles of animal rights pioneer Henry Spira and PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) cofounders Alex Pacheco and Ingrid Newkirk. The absolutist tactics of the most visible, extremist critics of animal research, such as the Animal Liberation Front, whose members vandalize laboratories, have greatly diminished the moral legitimacy of their cause in the eyes of the public, according to Rudacille. She commends reform efforts in Europe, particularly in Great Britain, where stringent governmental oversight mandates a "cost-benefit analysis" for each animal experiment as a prerequisite to approval. Rudacille notes that in America (the world's largest user of lab animals), new technologiesAsuch as organ transplants from animal donors to humansAhave sparked intense debate over the ethics of biotechnology and its impact on society; she urges a tandem public debate on how these technologies affect animal welfare, not just human. (Sept.)
Copyright 2000 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Library Journal
Rudacille, a former research writer and editor at the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, gives a balanced and detailed history of the conflict between anti-vivisectionists and research scientists. She begins with French physician Claude Bernard, whose influential textbook, Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, is credited with the rapid spread of animal experimentation in the late 19th century. Rudacille then documents the rise of the animal welfare movement in Britain and the United States and legislation designed to govern the use of animals in research. Readers are introduced to the major animal rights players (Henry Spira, Ingrid Newkirk, Alex Pacheco) and organizations (Humane Society of the Unites States, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, and Animal Liberation Front). The author also discusses the Nazi "science" of eugenics and explores the ethical implications of such new scientific developments as xenotransplantation (transplanting body parts between species). Her well researched and -documented account is written for a general audience and deserves a wide readership.
Copyright 2000 Reed Business Information, Inc.
Most helpful customer reviews
30 of 39 people found the following review helpful.
Beautifully written but strays from the topic
By Jean Greek
The prose in this book makes it a pleasure to read. Ms. Rudacille tells fasinating stories in illustrating her subject. I am not sure when I last read such a beautifully written book. I am jealous of her writing skills!
Unfortunately, I have two complaints. First, Ms. Rudicille buys completely in to the fantasy perpetuated by the scientific establishment that animal research has benefited mankind. Since she is attempting to write a balanced story of the pro and anti-vivesection movements, I would have liked for her not to have so readily accepted the standard dogma promoted by those who earn their livings from animal experimentation that we would all be dead were it not for the marvels discovered by injecting dogs, cats, rats, chimps, etc with all nature of compounds. Even a limited review of the scientific literature rapidly illustrates the fallacies of the animal experimentation lobby.
Secondly, about two thirds of the way through the book, the author leaves her subject and addresses post modernistic philopsphy. I kept waiting for her to bring it back to the title topic, that is the history of animal experimentation, but she never tied it together to my satifaction.
Jean Greek, DVM Co-author of Sacred Cows and Golden Geese
11 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
A Good Overview
By Patrick Kwan
For those who are interested in a general overview of the controversy and politics over vivisection, Rudacille's book is pretty good. Surely the book does not profess to change your mind on this issue, but it is hard to read through the book without recognizing where the author stands. I find it to be a problem for those who may have only recently considered this issue. This book really does not provide much moral discussion for the reader to weigh the arguments, I think that many people who may not be versed in the moral issues may simply grow to adopt the author's position after reading the book, which is: "Vivisection is a necessary evil. We definitely should continue using animals, but we certainly should make it as less evil as possible." I'm not sure if writing the book with this slant is appropriate for a book that professes to provide a historical analysis (surely I recognize that many historical works are written with slants). I think it would be a much more valuable work if it paid more attention to and presented the philosophical/moral debates in a historical perspective. However don't get me wrong, I think people who are interested in vivisection should definitely get this book for it provides many insights that I believe to be quite interesting.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Historically on the money, and nice reading, too...
By L. R. Willis
This book presents a well-documented history of the animal protection movement and the largely antagonistic relationship that has existed between animal protectionists and the biomedical research community since the mid-19th Century. Rudacille combines thorough documentation of sources with incisive analysis and first-hand professional experience to create a book that animal researchers, laboratory technicians, veterinarians, animal care committee members and anyone else who has a stake in animal welfare and/or research should read. Indeed, Rudacille's free-flowing prose makes for easy, fast and informative reading -- just the ticket for busy scientists, vets and "techs" who aren't yet familiar with this history, and who "don't have time for this stuff, anyway."
Readers who may already be familiar with this topic will find that Rudacille has been accurate with the facts and fair with her analysis. She contrasts the new breed of 19th Century scientists who embraced animal experimentation as the key to understanding human physiology and curing disease with the equally new breed of social activists, mostly female, it turns out, who were horrified and repulsed at the mere thought of someone invading living bodies of sentient creatures for any purpose, but especially for mere "science." In tracing the development of the animal protection movement from those beginnings, Rudacille skillfully explores and clarifies the roots, relationships and interconnectedness of some main-stream modern-day animal protectionist and antivivisectionist societies. Her inclusion of pertinent biographical details on some of the more prominent players in these groups adds to the reading enjoyment.
Rudacille's analysis leaves little doubt that the conflict between animal welfarists and the animal research community is here to stay, at least for as long as our society continues to believe in and support animal research. Her basic message is that the warring factions must find some reasonable middle ground that serves the interests of both groups. How difficult that task may be comes clear when one realizes that the battle cry of the 19th-Century antivivisectionists ("animal research is useless") is the same as that of their modern-day counterparts, as repeatedly quoted by Rudacille throughout this book. Outfit these modern nay-sayers with long dresses, bustles and parasols, and we're back in the 19th Century.
In the end, this book is more than an entertaining historical read. It shows with great clarity how deep the roots of opposition toward animal research extend, and it underscores the importance of participation in the dialogue -- some would say the war -- between members of the biomedical research community and those animal welfarists who are willing to engage in discussion. Sadly, many of my colleagues in the research community hardly know there's a war on, much less that they're in the army that's supposed to be fighting it.
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